The
principle development of the Quarter Horse was in the southwestern part of the
United States in Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, eastern Colorado, and Kansas.
Some breed historians have maintained that it is the oldest breed of horses in
the United States and that the true beginning of the Quarter Horse was in the
Carolinas and Virginia. Nye1 has suggested that the Chickasaws secured from
the Indians were the true beginning of the Quarter Horse. These were small
blocky horses, probably of Spanish extraction, which the planters secured from
the Indians, and which were adapted for a variety of uses. The colonists were
quite interested in short races, and it was only natural that they should have
attempted to increase the speed of their horses; to this end some of the best
early Thoroughbreds that were brought to the United States included the horse
Janus, brought to the United States before the English Stud Book was
established, were instrumental in the improvement of these local running
horse. Later Imp. Sir Archy and other Thoroughbred stallions were used.
The early improvement in the Quarter Horse-so called because
of its great speed at one quarter of a mile-and the early development of the
Thoroughbred in the United States were closely associated. Some sires contributed
notably to both breeds. Many short-distance horses were registered in the
American Stud Book as Thoroughbreds when the Stud Book was established, even
though they did not trace in all lines to imported English stock.
It is more logical to assume that the true establishment
of the Quarter Horse took place some time later in the southwest range country,
rather than in colonial times. It was in the southwest that the true utility
value of these short-distance horses were truly appreciated. The cowman found
the Quarter Horse quick to start, easy to handle, and of a temperament suitable
for handling cattle under a wide variety of conditions. Even in the Southwest
much was unknown of the breeding of many of the horses that were classified
and registered in the 1940s as Quarter Horses. It is logical, therefore,
to conclude that until the Stud Book was established and the pedigrees were
based on fact rather than on memory and assumptions, the Quarter Horse should
have been called a type of horse rather than a breed.
The Foundation and Improvement of the Breed
A Blending of Bloodlines. It is difficult to give the exact origin of the
present-day Quarter Horse because the blending of bloodlines produce a suitable
short-distance horse started in colonial areas prior to the Revolutionary
War. This blending of bloodlines and the infusion of Thoroughbred blood was
continued in the southwestern range territory as the cow country developed.
Cowboys wanted to be well mounted. Ranchers tried to breed the kind of horses
on which these men could work cattle and that could also be used in the age-old
sport of racing. The Quarter Horse was not raced on carefully prepared tracks
but was raced on any suitable open space. Organized races were the exception
rather than the rule with many of the races being run as a “match race” after
a private wager between owner or riders.
In the Southwest country as in the East, no particular attention
was made to keep short-distance horses as a distinct breed. Fast horses whose
offspring made good cow ponies were crossed on existing stock of mares. Many
times these mares carried Spanish, Arabian, Morgan, or Standardbred breeding,
and some have been referred to as “cold blooded” mares. The naming of horses
after persons was a common practice, and often when the horses were sold their
names were changed; such practices have led to no end of confusion in attempting
to verify pedigrees after the horses, breeders, and owners were deceased.
The Contribution of Steel Dust. The first horse of Quarter type that
attracted a great deal of attention in the Southwest was Steel Dust, foaled
in Illinois in 1843, and taken to Lancaster, Texas, in 1846. He was a blood
bay that stood 15 hands high and weighed approximately 1,200 pounds. Steel
Dust was sired by Harry Bluff and traced to Sir Archy. The popularity of
Steel Dust as a running horse and as a sire of running horses and cow horses
caused many horses that descended from him, or were of similar type, to be
called “Steel Dust” horses2. This name was quite common until
the American Quarter Horse Association was established and the name Quarter
Horse was officially adopted.
Some Other Early Sires. Other outstanding stallions were introduced
into Texas before and after Steel Dust. Among these were Cooper Bottom by
Sir Archy, foaled in Pennsylvania in 1828. In 1839 he was taken by General
Sam Houston to Texas, where his descendants were considered very fast and
made excellent cow horses. In 1849, Old Shiloh, foaled in Tennessee in 1844,
was brought to Texas. He was four generations removed in the male line of
Sir Archy. Lock’s Rondo, three generations removed in the male line from
Shiloh, was foaled in Missouri about 1866, and was taken to Texas about 1868.
Later he was also used as a sire in New Mexico.
In 1889, Traveler, a horse of unknown pedigree, was shipped
to Texas in a carload of horses, and legend has it that he had originated
in Kentucky. Traveler was apparently not considered a valuable horse because
he was used on a scraper and at one time changed hands in a crap game. Traveler
and his descendants were mated to some excellent mares, and many Quarter Horses
today trace to him in male line of descent.
The Most Influential Sire. The most famous of all sires in the establishment
of the Quarter Horse breed was Peter McCue, foaled in 1895, and bred by Samuel
Watkins of Petersburg, Illinois. Peter McCue was registered as a Thoroughbred
but evidence was later presented that he was not sired by the horse indicated
in his official pedigree but was instead sired by Dan Tucker, who in turn
traced his male line to Shiloh. Peter McCue stood for service in Texas,
western Oklahoma, and in Colorado, and most modern Quarter Horses trace to
him. Of the 11,510 Quarter Horses that have been registered prior to January
1, 1948,3 2,304 of them traced in male line to Peter McCue through
his sons, grandsons, and great-grandsons. Traveler was the only horse that
approached him in importance of male lines with 749 similar descendants that
has been registered up to that date.
The Use of Thoroughbred Sires and Mares. The outstanding sires in
the Quarter Horse type have not always been horses that traced in male lines
of descent to recognized Quarter Horses; some trace to registered Thoroughbreds.
In addition, many of the mares to which Quarter Horses have been mated have
been Thoroughbred mares or mares of other breeds, so it can truly be said
that the breed has been and still is in a formative period. Breeders have
not objected to Thoroughbred breeding provided the horses were of the correct
type.
Eighteen of the first nineteen registration numbers assigned
to horses in vol. I of the American Quarter Horse Stud Book were saved for
living horses that had proved themselves as outstanding sires of offspring
of Quarter Horse type.4 Examination of the pedigrees of these
horses indicates that many of them carried in excess of 50 per cent of Thoroughbred
breeding, and only a very few of them did not carry some known Thoroughbred
breeding rather close up in their pedigrees.
Noted Early Breeders. Many ranchers or persons interested in short-distance
racing have contributed to the development of the Quarter Horse. Probably
the first really noted improver was William Anson of Christoval, Texas. Mr.
Anson was an excellent stockman who collected a band of horses of Quarter
type. Among the best stallions he used was Harmon Baker by Peter McCue.
Mr. Anson not only bred, used and raced Quarter Horses but he also was a student
of the early history of Quarter Horses and attempted to concentrate bloodlines
that he felt were useful in racing and range horses.
Another noted Texas breeder was W.T. Waggoner of Vernon and
Fort Worth, Texas. Mr. Waggoner collected the fastest short-distance horses
that he could obtain, and it was said that whenever he found a horse faster
than any he already owned he attempted to purchase it. Many of the better
modern Quarter Horses are only a generation or two away from Waggoner breeding
because after Waggoner’s death, his estate carried on his breeding operations
for many years. In the foundation of the American Quarter Horse Stud Book,
the term Waggoner bred was considered pedigree enough for registration-so
esteemed were his horses by other breeders and by founders of the breed association.5
Four other breeders who have had considerable influence in the development
of the Quarter Horse through their long association with the breed and through
their successful breeding operations were: Coke T. Roberds, Hayden, Colorado;
George Clegg, Alice, Texas; S.C. Blake, Pryor, Oklahoma; and Dan Casement,
Manhattan, Kansas.
Present-Day Breeders. One of the best-known breeding establishments
of Quarter Horses at the present time is the King Ranch, Kingsville, Texas.
The King Ranch raised good cattle horses for many years and obtained Old Sorrel,
a son of Hickory Bill, as a colt from George Clegg of Alice, Texas; Old Sorrel
was foaled in 1915 and died in 1945. This horse proved to be such an outstanding
cow horse and sire of cow horses that a line breeding program was developed
at the King Ranch 6 to maintain his relationship in the herd.
Considerable Thoroughbred breeding has been used in the development of the
King Ranch Quarter Horses.
It would be very difficult to mention all the breeders that
have contributed to the Quarter Horse, because many breeders have not made
an attempt to keep their horses before the public but have been content to
raise their own horses. Some breeders have preferred to keep speed as a primary
requisite and have specialized more in horses for racing than for ranch work.
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1Nelson, C. Nye, Outstanding
Modern Quarter Horse Sires, William Morrow and Company, New York, 1948.
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2Dan Casement, “Steel Dusts as I Have Known
Them,” The Hereford Journal, June 1, 1927.
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3Raymond Hollingsworth, “American Quarter Horse
Gains in 1947,” Texas Livestock Journal, 7 (1), January 15, 1948.
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4The prefix letters of A.Q.H.A., N.Q.H.B.A.,
and A.Q.R.A., are often used as prefix initials before registration numbers
of the American Quarter Horse Association, National Quarter Horse Breeders’
Association, and American Quarter Racing Association, respectively
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5Helen Michaelis, “History of the Quarter Horse,”
The American Quarter Horse Association Stud Book and Registry, 1 (2),
1943.
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6A.O. Rhoad and Robert J. Kleberg, Jr., “Development
of Superior Families in the Modern Quarter Horse,” The Journal of Heredity,
37 (8), 237-258, 1946.
